A-Spec is an equipment grade, and it does not change the engine. Type S is a performance grade, and it changes the engine and the hardware around it. The MDX is the worked example here for what Type S changes.
That is the whole answer. Both are grades in Acura's vocabulary, which is the same idea as a trim level, and people mix them up for a fair reason: the two names appear in the same model lineup and can sound like two versions of the same package.
They are not. On the SUVs, an A-Spec keeps the engine and the transmission from the version beneath it, then adds equipment inside the car. A 2026 MDX Type S carries a different V6 making 65 more horsepower, plus air suspension, Brembo brakes and an exhaust that opens up. One changes listed cabin equipment. The other changes the engine and mechanical hardware.